在广播的早期，“Crystal”接收者因其比较廉价和易于建筑而非常受众。
As a matter of fact a crystal receiver is the most simple form of wireless receiving apparatus and, although having a limited range, is hard to beat from the point of view of purity of reproduction.
A crystal detector consists of the familiar piece of crystal and a wire contact, commonly known as a “cat’s whisker”. The “cat’s whisker” is sometimes omitted, and two crystals are used with very good results. The main defect of a piece of wire as a contact is its instability. Everyone who has used a cat’s whisker for listening knows how often it is necessary to readjust this tiny wire, which will lose its contact at the slightest provocation, even when somebody walks across the room.
两个晶体组合得多稳定，条件是晶体架具有良好的设计。
It was discovered some years ago that, if certain natural minerals are placed in a circuit carrying n electric current, the current will pass in one direction only. If a voltage is applied in such a way as to make the current flow in the reverse direction, the mineral or the “crystal” will offer such a resistance that the resultant current will be negligible.
The property of allowing an electrical current to flow in one direction only is known asrectification, and the crystal therefore is referred to as a “rectifier” or detector (of “wireless” signals).
There exists a great diversity of opinion as to the nature of the rectifying property of crystals, but this lack of definite knowledge does not preclude us form using crystals for the purpose of “wireless” reception.
Some of the crystals are, so to say, born rectifiers, and will rectify on their own without any additional batteries, but others will do their work best if they have a small polarizing batteryin series。
对于敏锐的实验者来说，晶体为原创研究提供了巨大的领域，因为他们的真实房产非常熟知，并且有一个很好的交易需要清除。
Natural and Commercial Crystals
A Japanese scientist, Mr. Wichi Toricata, in his paper “Commercial Wireless Telegraphy in Japan”, published in the电工on the 16th1910年9月，给出了下表：
- I.Ores quite sensitive with perfect contact
Oxides Sulphides
Zincite (b)Simple Sulphides
金属或素酮钼钼
Cassiterite Galena
Anatase Zinc blende
Arkansite Chalkosite
Pyrolusite Iron pyrites
Wad Pyrrhotine
Complex Oxides Complex Sulphides
Micacious Magyagite
Ilmenite，Iserine，Hystatite Tennantite
Magnetite Enargite
Psilomelane Schwatzite
（c）金属组合
Lolingite
Meteorite
Smaltite
- II.Ores sensitive with light contact
(a)硫化物（B）金属组合
简单的硫化物烟灰石
Marcasite or kyrosite Domeykite
Covelline Strutterudite
铱星
复合硫化物
塞根石
Copper pyrites
Cobaltine
Ullmanite.
凤凰
Sylvanite
砷硫化物
石墨
砷
Nearly all the ores with good conductivity can be used for rectifying purposes, but some of them require a very slight contact and delicate adjustment, and are not practicable. The action of mineral detectors seems to depend upon the chemical and physical properties of the ores, and also upon the conditions of the contacts, but not upon the crystalline structure and axis of the ores.
W. H. eCcls博士为适合“无线”工作提供以下晶体：
- I.Elementary substances
硅
硼
石墨和金属
碲
砷
- II.Natural sulphides
Galena (Lead sulphide)
Iron pyrites
Chalcopyrites
凤凰
钼矿
- III.Natural oxides
Zincide
Brookite
Iserine
Psilomelane
Cuprite
厨师
此外：Smaltine，Chalcocite，Inserite。
There are many commercial combinations, but we shall discuss the most successful ones, actually used by prominent manufacturers in this and other countries.
魔法地毯
Philip R. Cararyy先生在他的书中的“电话没有电线的电话”中，给出了以下组合，最适合“无线”电话，即广播：
Perikon (zincite-chalcopyrite)
Carborundum-Steel
Zincite-Tellurium
硅-Steel
钼陶瓷库珀
Galena-Graphite
他还指出，这些钢酸钢，紫红色和锌碲化合物的组合通常是最稳定的，并且通过振动或大气的扰动最少。
碳焊液 - 钢检测器需要额外的偏振电压约一伏。
The perikon and zincite-tellurium require no batteries.
Now let us consider the properties of the best known crystals:
Carborundum。这是盐，沙子，锯末和可乐在电炉中约为1000华氏度的温度下融合的盐，沙子，锯末和焦炭的产品。在低温下，Carborundum具有非常高的电阻，然而，在热量下迅速降低。有时使用1-25伏的偏振电池。
Galena – graphite.A detector of medium sensitiveness but reliable and insensitive to mechanical vibrations.
Anatase.This is an octahedral crystal of oxide of titanium with the chemical formula TiO2和was found to rectify quite markedly. Anatase gives much larger currents with a small applied voltage than does caborundum, and is therefore a much more sensitive detector.
Brookite。这是TiO的另一种水晶形式2（将发现它用作小交替电流的整流器，具有与锐钛矿相同的敏感性。
钼矿。这个矿物质（MOS2）以管状六边形棱镜的形式发生自然，裂解类似于云母的裂缝。片材具有金属光泽，并且可以用木桶易于电镀，使得连接线可以焊接到它们。
硅。硅在其纯净状态高度敏感，但商业硅含有一定量的金属钙，并且由于这种金属通过空气迅速攻击，即氢钙薄膜很快覆盖硅表面，然后实际上所有探测器动作停止。
Perikon。Perikon探测器是氧化锌（ZnO）和铜吡锌（CuFE）的组合2). It is twice as sensitive and more easily adjusted than the silicon detector.
Chalcopyrite and Zincite. These two crystals, used as a detector, require a polarizing battery, but considerable rectifications may be obtained without it. This combination is desirable for use where adjustments may be frequent, due to vibrations or similar disturbances which may be present as in the case of portable receiving equipment.
Cerusite(American trade name). Cerusite is a better rectifier than carborundum. No polarizing battery is required.
Zincite。Red oxide of zinc. Zincite and brass point contact form a reliable and sensitive detector.
碲-Aluminium. Tellurium-Silicon.These are sensitive detectors with or without polarizing batteries.
The Good Points of a Detector
It is rather a difficult matter to judge the comparative sensitiveness of two detectors because many factors have to be taken into consideration, and the tests carried out under exactly the same conditions, but the following are the general properties which a good crystal detector must possess:
a) It should be mechanically strong and well constructed. This means that it should be able to hold its adjustment and not be easily disturbed.
b）晶体应该是敏感的，即应该具有良好的整流性能，如果它们的设置正确调整。太大的敏感性是不可取的，因为通常在难度获得令人满意的调整。也可能难以保留敏感调整。
c) The crystal should be easily adjusted. It is a distinct disadvantage if any marked difficulty is found in adjusting the setting for good reception, as valuable time may be lost in this way if a signal is coming in and the detector is not operating properly.
d）晶体应具有自保护特性，以防止自动被烧坏，并且如果收到异常强大的辐射，则会被破坏，例如大气干扰。
Ordinarily all points on a crystal are not equally sensitive, and it is necessary to adjust for maximum sensitivity. The adjustment of the detector can be made either while receiving signals or before actual reception, by exciting the receiving set by means of weak local oscillations from a buzzer.
水晶电路
晶体电路非常简单,如下few examples will enable you to understand how a crystal set is put together. (Fig. 80)
晶体电路意味着简单地简单地横跨调谐器的晶体支架和一对电话终端。
在上面的电路中，您会注意到这些电路之间唯一的区别是调谐的方法。
auses a slider coil,ba tapped coil,c变度计，da coil in parallel with a condenser,eis a loosely coupled aerial rather interesting from the experimental point of view.
在制造商的表格的帮助下，可以容易地选择可变冷凝器和右线圈的值。
The typesa和bare not recommended unless they are used from a purely experimental point of view. The slider coil and the tapped inductances have a so-called “dead end” effect. This means that part of the coil is not being used for reception and energy is being wasted at that “dead end”.
The variometer type is pretty efficient, but it is preferable to start with a coil-condenser tuner, as it makes it so easy to convert this crystal set into a valve set later in. Please note that the telephones should always be connected between the crystal and the earth.
Try out all sorts of crystals for reception, and see if you can find some new combination or some new material that will give better results than the known crystals.
关于需要偏振电池的晶体，W. Greenwood，B.Sc。（ENG。），A.M.I.E.E.，A.C.G.I.IN，在他的教科书无线电报和电话 - 大学教程新闻（5S。6D。），给出了以下连接图。（图81）
您会注意到电位计（可变电阻）以提供正面或负势的方式连接。
为什么不立即开始尝试水晶？
